Competing groups have developed multiple alternative methods to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish them from non-world cities. These levels are interpreted as follows: alpha++ cities In all analyses, London and New York stand out as clearly more integrated than all other cities and constitute their own high level of integration. [6][7], Global city status is considered beneficial and desirable.
GaWC was founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998. Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute, very cool graphic of interconnectivity between these world cities from 2010 (PDF, large!
[2] The term "global city", rather than "megacity", was popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 work, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo.
The concept comes from geography and urban studies, and the idea that globalization is created and furthered in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade. They are hubs for financial markets and major corporations, and serve as key nodes in global flows of capital and of talent. The connectivity measures are used to classify cities into levels of world city network integration.
[23][24], The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation, in Tokyo, issued a comprehensive study of global cities in 2019. They are the engines of growth for their countries and the gateways to the resources of their regions. Auckland. An analysis report compiled by the Global City Lab of the Global Top 500 Cities was released in New York 27 December 2019. Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma, and Gamma − cities. Alpha cities have tremendous economic, political, and social clout, and they are viewed as primary hubs for global industry, in addition to centers of culture. [5] Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities,[8] the chosen criteria affect which other cities are included. Amsterdam, Barcelona, Bogota, Budapest, Dublin, Houston, Johannesburg, Lisbon, Luxembourg City, Manila, Montreal, Munich, New Delhi, Prague, Riyadh, Rome, San Francisco, Santiago, Shenzhen, Stockholm, Vienna, Washington D.C. Athens, Atlanta, Auckland, Bangalore, Boston, Bucharest, Cairo, Chengdu, Copenhagen, Dallas, Doha, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, Hangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Lima, Perth, Tel Aviv, Vancouver, Abu Dhabi, Beirut, Berlin, Brisbane, Calgary, Cape Town, Caracas, Casablanca, Chennai, Denver, Karachi, Kiev, Kuwait City, Lagos, Manama, Minneapolis, Montevideo, Nairobi, Nanjing, Oslo, Philadelphia, Rio de Janeiro, Sofia, Tianjin, Wuhan, Zagreb, Almaty, Antwerp, Belgrade, Birmingham, Bratislava, Changsha, Chongqing, Dalian, Dhaka, Edinburgh, Geneva, George Town, Helsinki, Jeddah, Jinan, Kampala, Lyon, Manchester, Monterrey, Nicosia, Panama City, Port Louis, Qingdao, Quito, San José, San Juan, San Salvador, Seattle, Shenyang, Stuttgart, Suzhou, Tunis, Valencia, Xiamen, Accra, Adelaide, Cleveland, Colombo, Dar es Salaam, Detroit, Glasgow, Guatemala City, Guayaquil, Harare, Hyderabad, Lahore, Muscat, Osaka, Pune, Riga, Rotterdam, Xi’an, Zhengzhou, Ahmedabad, Algiers, Amman, Ankara, Asunción, Austin, Baku, Baltimore, Belfast, Bilbao, Bristol, Charlotte, Guadalajara, Hefei, Islamabad, Kolkata, Kunming, La Paz, Ljubljana, Luanda, Lusaka, Phoenix, Porto, Saint Petersburg, San Diego, San Jose, Santo Domingo, St. Louis, Taiyuan, Tallinn, Tampa, Tbilisi, Tegucigalpa, Turin, Vilnius, Wellington, Belo Horizonte, Cologne, Curitiba, Durban, Fuzhou, Johor Bahru, Maputo, Medellín, Milwaukee, Minsk, Nantes, Nashville, Orlando, Ottawa, Penang, Phnom Penh, Poznan, Sacramento, San Antonio, Tirana, Wroclaw, Yangon.