In subsequent years, he was plagued with what was thought to be influenza and other fevers, bleeding from the eyes, temporary blindness and prolonged attacks of gout. [197], Historians have criticized Columbus for initiating colonization and for abuse of natives. [110] The neutrality and accuracy of Bobadilla's 48-page report accusing Columbus and his brothers of using torture and mutilation to govern Hispaniola have been disputed by historians, given the anti-Italian sentiment of the Spaniards and Bobadilla's desire to take over Columbus' position. During the 1470s, Columbus toured several places for trading, such as, Northern Europe and England. Christopher Columbus: Early Life. In 1470, the Columbus family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern.

[126] Columbus led his fleet to the Portuguese island of Porto Santo, his wife's native land.

[67] On 11 October, Columbus changed the fleet's course to due west, and sailed through the night, believing land was soon to be found. Columbus made a fourth voyage nominally in search of the Strait of Malacca to the Indian Ocean. [201] The punishment for an indigenous person failing to fill their hawk's bell of gold dust every three months was cutting off the hands of those without tokens, letting them bleed to death. One of the first skirmishes between Native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings occurred on 14 November, when at Saint Croix, Columbus's men pursued the canoe of some Island Caribs and their prisoners, which met them with arrows. [236], Sometime between 1531 and 1536, Alejo Fernández painted an altarpiece, The Virgin of the Navigators, that includes a depiction of Columbus. On August 3, 1492, Columbus embarked on his first voyage and set sail with three ships called the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria. The first stop was at Canary Islands to pick up supplies and then he set out sailing across the Atlantic. In March, the next year, he set sail back to Spain and reached Cadiz after five months.

I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. [69][70] Columbus later maintained that he had already seen a light on the land a few hours earlier, thereby claiming for himself the lifetime pension promised by Ferdinand and Isabella to the first person to sight land. [143], After a brief stop at Jamaica, Columbus sailed to Central America, arriving at Guanaja (Isla de Pinos) in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras on 30 July. [195] On the other hand, his other writings continued to claim that he had reached Asia, such as a 1502 letter to Pope Alexander VI where he asserted that Cuba was the east coast of Asia. [38], As far back as the 3rd century BC, Eratosthenes had correctly computed the circumference of the Earth by using simple geometry and studying the shadows cast by objects at two remote locations. Columbus was one of at least five children born to Domenico Colombo (c. 1418-1496). (, Ferdinand later claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered. Relations between Portugal and Castile were poor at the time.

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