The presence of an extensive cartilaginous cap on the anterior margin of each second epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981);

Branchiostegal rays 6.



Usually with fringes on lips.

Dorsal fin long, continuous or divided; 7-23 spines, 12-36 soft rays. No spines on anal fin. Datnioididae - (Freshwater tripletails)

Spines in dorsal fin 10; soft rays usually 18-23. Maximum length about 8 cm. Anal fin 21-41 soft rays.

Warm temperate to tropical (Ref. Usually with fringes on lips.

Pectoral skeleton with 3 radials.

No spines in fins. Relatively deep-bodied.

Scaleless. Marine; intertidal zone to outer continental shelf, mainly along rocky shores and at depths less than 150 m. Also Ref. No teeth in palatines; vomerine teeth present or absent. Lateral line 33-73 scales.

Pectoral fins very small. Small gill opening on upper side of head. 75992). Gill membranes united to isthmus.

Dorsal spines 3-17, flexible; 9-119 segmented soft rays. Pelagic eggs Require unrestricted space, hence unsuitable for home aquaria. Pelvic fin jugular, with 1 spine and 3 soft rays. Scales extend onto anal and dorsal fins. One short spine on anal fin; soft rays about 26. Scales usually inconspicuous; cycloid, having radii in all fields. Suggested new common name for this family in a coming ref. Flat nasal organ devoid of lamellae; lateral line running along base of dorsal fin. Pelagic spawners.

The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) Oceanic. Family content changed since Ref. 7463); marine and estuarine, rarely freshwater (Ref. Branchiostegal 7 rays. Dorsal and anal fins long, extending to caudal fin base or confluent with caudal fin; dorsal fin with 60-80 stiff spines, anal fin with 0-3 spines and 43-52 soft rays.

Anal fin 21-41 soft rays. 94100).

The presence of an expanded head of each fourth epibranchial bone (Stiassny, 1981);

Oviparous. Spinous dorsal fin present. Oviparous.

27959). Spines in dorsal fin 17-28; soft rays 10-38; total dorsal fin rays 29-57. Maximum length about 55 cm. 94100). The very young camouflage themselves by turning sideways and floating like leaves. Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa, which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983). Some root in sand for invertebrates and fishes. The stomach has a left hand exit to the anterior intestine and the first intestinal loop is on the left side (Zihler, 1982) Most Neotropical Cichlidae are moderately to strongly sex dimorphic, and breed pairwise. Eyes dorsally placed and somewhat protrusible; with or without eye stalk. Most occurring in shallow coastal marine waters, in rocky intertidal areas, coral reefs, mangroves, oyster beds and in the lower reaches of most rivers (Ref.

Pellegrin (1904) revised the family with diagnoses of all genera and species known to him.

- a genus change for the other Datnioididae species that have been assigned to Coius but are not Anabantidae. Pseudobranch small and hidden. Palatine and vomer toothless; caudal fin rounded; rounded lobes on anal and second dorsal fins giving fish the appearance of having three tails; dorsal fin with 12 spines and 15-16 soft rays; 24 vertebrae. Frequently burrow in sand.

Gill rakers very short, less than 15 in number. Vertebrae 71-88.

Hide in holes at night (Ref. Cornea folding in at junction of skin and cornea. Branchiostegal rays 6. 7463).

Morphology: Body oblong to fusiform; D X-XV,8-22 with slender weak spines; A III,9-13; pelvic fins I,5; pectoral fins 16-24; caudal fin distinctly forked with pointed lobes; scale rows on body running horizontally; dorsal and anal fins with scales except for Gymnocaesio Distribution: Indo-Pacific. A few Neotropical cichlids are recorded from brackish water conditions.

Head rough, often with spines. The stomach has an extendible blind pouch (Zihler, 1982) Arripidae, used by many authors is incorrect (Ref. Branchiostegal rays 5-7.



Morphology: Continuous dorsal fin with 0-4 spines (often 3). 7463). With a strong hook on the anterior margin of the cleithrum. Many species variable in color, often matching their background. Attains 1.5 m maximum length. Trophic ecology: Fusiliers are closely related to snappers (Lutjanidae) but possess several adaptations for a planktivorous mode of life, such as the elongate fusiform body, the small mouth, and the deeply forked caudal fin. Distribution: tropical western and eastern Atlantic, Indian and Pacific (mainly Indo-Pacific). Distribution: Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans.

Benthic, making extensive systems of tunnels with numerous exits by burrowing in soft substrates. Scientific general reviews of the family are provided by Keenleyside (1991) and Barlow (2000).







Nostrils tubular, one pair (posterior absent). Upper margin of operculum with fingerlike subdivisions. (= former Coracinidae) 76835). 36343). Distribution: coastal Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. Family Cheimarrhichthyidae is a monotypic family consisting of Cheimarrichthys fosteri which is found in fast-flowing rivers thoughout coastal New Zealand. (2000: 146-229) summarize data for 38 cichlid species from French Guiana and adjacent countries; Greenfield & Thomerson (1997:184-206) cover 19 species from Belize

Cartilaginous fishes form a class of fishes called Chondrichthyes. Typically diurnal. While on the ocean floor their paired fins are not used for any kind of movement.

Uses: Fusiliers are important food fishes and are also used as bait in tuna fisheries. Distribution: cold-temperate north Pacific and northwest Atlantic. Anal fin 2 spines. Scaleless.

If you have a betta fish, chances are it’s a Betta splendens, since that’s the most popular type of domesticated betta available around the world.

Caudal peduncle slender. Distribution: tropical Africa (three species) and southern Asia. Adapt well to aquarium conditions. Lower jaw projecting; mouth large, oblique to nearly vertical.

Pelagic spawners. Bussing (1998: 293-384) summarizes data on 24 Costa Rican cichlid species; Keith et al. No spines; soft rays 48-65.

Spines in anal fin 3-15 (generally 3); soft rays 4-15 (a few with 30).

Cichlids are recognized by several unambiguous anatomical synapomorphies. 76788). originates on the subocular shelf; supraneural configuration 0/0/0+2/1+1/, /0+0/0+2/1+1/, or /0+0/2/1+1/; epineurals 10-15; procurrent caudal-fin rays typically 7-10; hypurals 1-2 and 3-4 typically fused in all species (except some juveniles); openings in external wall of pars jugularis 2 to 5; colour of sides with or without longitudinal stripes, the caudal fin either without markings, with a blackish blotch on tips of lobes, or with a longitudinal blackish streak in middle of each lobe (Ref. Spines in anal fin 2; soft rays 8-18. Members of Cepolinae are notably elongate, 48-79 total vertebrae and 55-90 total dorsal-fin soft rays, with the terminal dorsal- and anal-fin soft rays attached to the caudal fin by a membrane (Ref.

Anal fin soft rays 6-8.

Creediidae - (Sandburrowers)

Branchiostegal rays 6. Maximum total length is about 16 cm, most specimens are about 10 - 12.5 cm. Many feed on a combination of coelenterate polyps or tentacles, small invertebrates, fish eggs, and filamentous algae while others are specialists or planktivores.



Branchiostegal rays 6. Suggested new common name for this family from Ref. Lower jaw projecting; mouth large, oblique to nearly vertical. Mouthbrooding species are usually biparental, and eggs are guarded on a substrate prior to oral incubation which starts with advanced eggs or newly hatched larvae. Spinous dorsal fin lacking. Among Neotropical fishes they can be recognized externally by the possession of 7-24 (usually 13-16) spines in the dorsal fin, 2-12 (usually 3, rarely more than 5) anal-fin spines; and a single nostril on each side of the head.



= bristle, odont- (gr.) Teeth in jaws comblike, fixed or movable (canine teeth occasionally present). Gill membranes broadly connected to the isthmus, gill openings not continued far forward.

Dorsal fin high with long base, origin on head; anal fin with 17 to 22 elements (spines lost); pectoral fins with 16 to 21 rays (Ref. Anal fin 2 spines. Most species with only small cycloid scales.

Pectoral fin rays 20-24. Gill membranes fused. Another source of frustration concerns the generic assignment of Central American taxa, and a few South American taxa, which were excluded from the catch-all genus Cichlasoma by Kullander (1983). Vertebrae 26-28.

Propensity to occur in algae and seagrass areas (Ref. Cichlids are absent from the Río Marañón above the Pongo de Manseriche and from the Río Ucayali drainage upstream of Atalaya (the mouth of the Río Urubamba [Río Vilcanota] and Río Tombo [Río Apurimac]).

Marine, coastal.

Female bettas are pretty, but have a duller color than the males and lack the elaborate tail or fins. Distribution: North and South America, tropical. With a strong hook on the anterior margin of the cleithrum. One or two trunk lateral lines of superficial neuromasts, difficult to discern in preserved material. Kullander (1998) estimated that there are about ten undescribed North-Central American cichlid taxa and about 160 undescribed South American taxa.

Scales absent, except small cycloid scales present in Cryptacanthodes giganteus.

- a change of the family name in Datnioididae (= former Datnioidae); Vomerine teeth present; palatine teeth present in all except Cryptacanthodes aleutensis. The geographical distribution includes freshwaters of Africa (900 valid species, estimated more than 1300 species), the Jordan Valley in the Middle East (four species), Iran (one species), southern India and Sri Lanka (3 species, also in brackish water), Madagascar (17 valid species, some also in brackish water), Cuba and Hispaniola (4 valid species, some in brackish water), North America and isthmian Central America (95 valid species), and South America (290 valid species ) (Kullander, 1998, updated). The southern limit of the family in South America is not well documented, but may be in the lower Río Negro in Argentina, which river marks the northern limit of Patagonia. Most taxa are in the interval 10-20 cm, however. Distribution: coastal Australia, New Zealand, and Chile. Another early major treatise is by Jardine (1843), based on the Schomburgk collection from Guyana, Brazil and Venezuela (Kullander & Stawikowski, 1997a-b, for identifications). Crenicichla species are known as jacundá in Brazil, añashúa in Peru, angoumot (French Guiana), mataguaro (Colombia, Venezuela), datra fisi (Surinam), cabeza amarga (Argentina and Uruguay). Centropomidae - (Snooks) Tribes: Apogonichthyini Snodgrass & Heller 1905, Apogonini Günther 1859, Archamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Cheilodipterini Bleeker 1856, Glossamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Gymnapogonini Whitley 1941, Lepidamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Ostorhinchini Whitley 1959, Pristiapogonini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Rhabdamiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Siphamiini Smith 1955, Sphaeramiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Veruluxini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014, Zoramiini Fraser & Mabuchi 2014 (Ref. Nasal bones paired. Dorsal fin with 3 or 4 short, isolated spines preceeding the long, low soft dorsal fin. Nasal bones paired.



Caudal peduncle slender. Adults with the lower 4-7 pectoral rays usually thickened, elongated, and free. Feeds on aquatic insects. Body elongate.

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