... the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) and the Masked Men Brigade, which created a third group, al-Mourabitoun, in August 2013. The social, economic and geographic diversity within Fulani groups, the ethnic diversity among contemporary jihadist leaders in the region, and the predominantly socio-economic drivers of jihad in West Africa (both in the past and in the present) all complicate attempts to draw direct links between Fulani communities and modern jihadist movements. 2 The Origins of Jihad in West Africa 36. What similarities and differences can you identify in the spread of Islam to India, Anatolia, West Africa, and Spain? Analysts note that jihadist groups in West Africa today lack popular support, even in Fulani-majority areas, and that they represent only a “tiny fraction” of the population. The Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) has origins dating back to October 2011, when Hamad al-Khairy and Ahmed el-Tilemsi founded it as an offshoot of al-Qa’ida in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (AQLIM). Conversely, the risk that such narratives will yield false equivalencies between Fulani communities and jihadist movements presents significant threats to efforts to combat the spread of Islamist extremism in West Africa. Local Governance and Grassroots Democracy, Promotion of Ethical Values & Spirituality, Building Human Security in times of Crisis. Please check your email address / username and password and try again. These revolutions shaped the region and continue to exert strong historical and cultural influence today. Some analysis of modern jihadist movements in West Africa points to outsized Fulani participation. Email: info.nigeria@gga.org, 3rd Floor, The Paragon For example, Guinea, the country with the largest Fulani minority in West Africa, is not affected by jihadism and Fulani groups there are not and have not been particularly involved in violent conflicts. Tel: +233 302 672925 The first uprising inspired by Islam took place in Futa Jalon in 1725, when Fula pastoralists, assisted by Muslim traders, rose against the indigenous chiefdoms still dominated by … Brandon Kendhammer, Jihād in West Africa During the Age of Revolutions By Paul E. Lovejoy, Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 30, Issue 1, January 2019, Pages 129–131, https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/etx086. Required fields are marked *, The Mall Offices, 11 Cradock Avenue, Rosebank, 2196 The deliberate ethnic targeting of Fulani by security and counterterrorism forces, which is taking place across the region, will breed resentment and grievance among Fulani communities, including among those who originally stood opposed to jihad. Unlike Christianity, Islam is not a just a religion or a mass of doctrines or beliefs and rituals, but rather a complete way of life or civilization. In West Africa, the group known as the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) has gained prominence with a string of deadly attacks in September and October 2016. If you originally registered with a username please use that to sign in. Most users should sign in with their email address. Register, Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. Although Islamic Jihads had occurred in … In the mid-20th century, the Western powers partitioned West Africa, and other parts of the African continent, into nation-states that had nothing in … Finally, Jihād in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions provides unprecedented context for the political and cultural role of Islam in Africa—and of the concept of jihād in particular—from the eighteenth century into the present. Contemporary jihadist campaigns also cater more to lower- and working-class individuals, while historic jihadist movements were predominantly waged by elite groups and clans. However, a closer look revealed that jihadist leaders catered to an ethnically diverse group of supporters, and that narratives at this time were often based on a broader ideology rather than ethnic affiliation and loyalty. Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? The rise of violent extremist groups throughout Africa, as well as the constant attacks against Christian communities in the continent’s most populated country, has religious leaders fearful that “the next jihad” is underway as world leaders seem to be rushing to address the problem. Religious and political leaders have long condemned the practice for devastating so many lives, complicating foreign policy and directing global ire toward Islam. Africa arguably faces the biggest threat to political stability since the collapse of colonialism in the mid-20th century. Allegations of robust links between Fulani groups and jihadist movements are difficult to substantiate due to the dynamic, complex nature of the regional context. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. Paul E. Lovejoy’s Jihād in West Africa During the Age of Revolutions is an important intervention in global political, economic, and religious history.Focusing on what scholars have called the “Age of Revolutions” (roughly 1775-1850), Lovejoy enters into an already rich conversation that has ignored the place of Africa and Africans in the formation of this period. Ile de Gorée, West Africa is west of an imagined north-south axis lying close to 10° east longitude. Paul E. Lovejoy, emeritus professor at York University and one of the leading scholars of the history of Nigeria, is eminently qualified to write this book. The Krio of West Africa: Islam, Culture, Creolization, and Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century, The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World, About the Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright © 2020 Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. The Wahhābī movement had an electrifying effect on the Islamic world. Dakar Sénégal The jihad in Futa the 1770s and 1780s followed in the same tradition. The Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP), a splinter of Boko Haram, is growing in power and influence. Don't already have an Oxford Academic account? Johannesburg Jihad in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions: Lovejoy, Paul, Lovejoy, Paul E.: 9780821422403: Books - Amazon.ca In 2015, its leadership pledged allegiance to the Islamic State (IS, aka ISIS/ISIL), and renamed itself as the Islamic State’s West Africa Province (aka ISWAP, ISIS-WA, hereafter IS-WA). Addis Ababa Ethiopia Lovejoy’s "Jihad in West Africa During the Age of Revolutions" is a collaboration to the larger debate on what is called the “Age of Revolutions.” Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa, claimed responsibility for . 5 Jihad and the Slave Trade 133. Plot 1679, Karimu Kotun Street, 7 Sokoto, the Jihad … You could not be signed in. Tel: +27 11 268 0479 JIHAD IN WEST AFRICA I3 In this way, the Mauritanian tribes came to be divided into those of Berber origin, clerical or zwaya, and those of Arab origin, warriors known variously as the Hassan1, Ma'qil, Maghafra or Maghfar-the names being nearly interchangeable in the southern Mauritanian context.5 But the distinction should not be pushed too far. From its territorial base on the banks and islands of Lake Chad, this jihadist group is waging a guerrilla war across north-eastern Nigeria and elsewhere on the lake’s periphery. In addition, there are several areas of the region where Fulani are a prominent minority that have not experienced jihadist movements or violent extremism. In the chapter I contributed to Extremisms in Africa Vol 3, I attempted to set the record straight regarding perceived links between Fulani and jihad in West Africa. Osu, Accra, 
Ghana -in west africa, islam was adopted primarily by political rulers and urban elite; in antolia, nearly all of the population converted.-the arrival of islam in west africa did not lead to collapse in the leadership of pre existing religions; it did not in antolia.-Sufis played less a role in west africa than in antolia Email: info@gga.org, 3rd Floor, Africa Re Building, Narratives implying a simple relationship are harmful, both to efforts to combat the spread of violent extremism, and to broader policies and programmes aimed at stabilising and developing the region. False equivalencies between Fulani and jihad, which are already common, have fueled and will continue to fuel actions against innocent civilians based on ethnic identity, which in turn breeds resentment and grievance on which jihadists can draw in their attempts to recruit new fighters for their causes. Over the course of a more than forty-year career, Paul Lovejoy has made foundational contributions to a half-dozen research areas in West African history, from the economics of commercial trade to the size, scope, and conceptualization of mass slavery in the Islamic caliphates of the region. JNIM and ISGS succeeded the al Qaeda-loyal Movement for Unity [Monotheism] and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA), whose Sahelian commanders split from Algeria-centric AQIM in 2011. Additionally, there are examples of jihadist leaders antagonizing and attacking Fulani communities that disagreed with them, and there are several incidents of Fulani communities and subclans refusing to participate in the jihads – for example, Mbororo groups. Amazon Kindle: https://tinyurl.com/y3zgz55f, Amazon Print edition: https://tinyurl.com/y3gw5xxo, Your email address will not be published. Alfoz Plaza Office No. Email: gga-ea@gga.org, Gorée Institute West African Jihads. The jihads and the jihad states came to an end with European colonization. The Fight for West Africa. In Jihād in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions, a preeminent historian of Africa argues that scholars of the Americas and the Atlantic world have not given Africa its due consideration as part of either the Atlantic world or the age of revolutions. The relationship between Fulani groups and jihadist movements in West Africa is, and has always been, extremely complex. At that time, Mauritanian society was divided along scholar and warrior lineages. This book represents something of a career-spanning synthesis of Lovejoy’s most influential work, as well as a challenging and original argument about the importance of ‘mainstreaming’ the history of the West African jihadist movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth century into broader accounts of the ‘Age of Revolutions’ in the Atlantic world. Permissive local environments afford opportunities within the area for jihadism to spread and feed into the strength of the larger Islamist movement, from North to East Africa. The northern border is the Sahara Desert, with the Ranishanu Bend generally considered the northernmost part of the region. Tel: +234 1 4627411-3 © 2020 Good Governance Africa. The book examines the jihād movement in the context of the age of revolutions—commonly associated with the American and Ultimately, I wanted to explore the strength of the foundation on which perceived equivalencies between Fulani and jihad are based.

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